Lincoln’s House Divided Speech Essay

Through the spoils of war in 1848, and a $15 million payment, the U.S. acquired nearly half of Mexico’s territory. To some, Mexico had dumped its useless wasteland and the U.S. had been duped into paying for it. But to most, the acquisition of the Mexican territory was the culmination of Manifest Destiny–the fulfillment of the expansion across the North American continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, that was ordained by God. But did God intend for this territory to be slaveholding or free? Within two short years, California petitioned to become a state. Slaveholding or free? That question would propel the nation that had just become a continental power to the precipice of dissolution. It took the Compromise of 1850 to avert a disaster. The Compromise itself was made up several bills. Among them, California would be admitted as a free state. To pacify slave-state politicians upset about the imbalance, the Fugitive Slave Act was passed. It required Northern citizens to assist in the recovery of slaves escaping from the South. Kansas-Nebraska Act With the threat of dissolution addressed, a continental build-out could get underway. The country pined for a transcontinental railroad. The South wanted a route that ran far south, but the North insisted on a route in the center. Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas was committed to this central route and to the prerequisite organization of the territory of Nebraska. As chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories, Senator Douglas had the responsibility of sponsoring the necessary legislation. He had already been instrumental in bringing five states into the Union and had created five territories. He repeatedly tried to organize Nebraska, but sectional differences had made it impossible thus far. The Missouri Compromise, thirty years prior, had prohibited slavery north of the line of 36 º 30†², and all of the Nebraska territory was above that line. Yet Douglas’ 1854 legislation–though it used the same language under which Utah and New Mexico had become territories–made the proposed condition of slavery or freedom unclear. So the legislation was revised to appeal to the Southern Democrats, explicitly stating that the decision about slavery was â€Å"to be left to the decision of the people residing therein, through their appropriate representatives.† Essentially, â€Å"popular sovereignty† would rule the day and kill the slave restriction in the Missouri Compromise. Still, Democratic Senator Archibald Dixon of Kentucky didn’t think this pushed the Missouri Compromise far enough. Dixon proposed an amendment that specifically stated the Missouri Compromise restriction did not apply to the proposed Nebraska Territory, nor to any other territory of the United States. Douglas wanted to avoid a fight and begged Dixon to withdraw his amendment, but Dixon refused. So Douglas supported the Kansas-Nebraska bill–now modified to propose two territories from the land rather than just one. The bill declared that the Missouri Compromise was inconsistent with the Compromise of 1850 and, hence, inoperative. With the backing of Democratic President Franklin Pierce, the bill had become law. Anti-Nebraskan Men Protests arose not only from free-soilers and abolitionists, but also from moderates–including moderate Democrats–who thought the slavery issue had been put into remission in 1850, and now found it eating away at the country again. Abraham Lincoln, retired from politics and happy in his law practice, was compelled to return to politics. As Paul M. Angle observed, Lincoln â€Å"believed that no man concerned for his country could remain silent.† Writing about the event later, in the third person, Lincoln said of himself, â€Å"His profession had almost superseded the thought of politics in his mind, when the repeal of the Missouri Compromise aroused him as he had never been before.† â€Å"It is as if two starving men had divided their only loaf,† Lincoln said of the Compromise of 1850. Having divided the loaf in a fair compromise, the South now wanted more: â€Å"The one had hastily swallowed his half, and then grabbed the other half just as he was putting it in his mouth!† Lincoln vehemently disagreed that â€Å"popular sovereignty†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthe choice of white men of European ancestry–should be allowed to cush the inalienable right to liberty the Declaration of Independence promised to all men, regardless of color. Like so many others, Lincoln thought that if slavery remained confined to the states in which it currently existed–protected by the Constitution, incidentally–it would eventually come to extinction and liberty would prevail. Now he found the monster of slavery more animated than ever before. Believing that Anti-Nebraska men must be elected to overturn the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Lincoln began canvassing the state of Illinois with the goal of re-electing Anti-Nebraskan Richard Yates. A new Abraham Lincoln was on the scene. Where in earlier years, Angle notes, Lincoln â€Å"had brought roars of laughter with raillery and personal jibes and had grappled for any small argumentative advantage,† Lincoln now â€Å"spoke from deep conviction that the nation was in danger–spoke without humor but with eloquence that he had never before achieved.† Claiming popular sovereignty to be a middle ground that couldn’t logically exist, he urged men to rally together and embrace liberty. â€Å"Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence, and with it, the practices, and policy, which harmonize with it. Let north and south–let all Americans–let all lovers of liberty everywhere–join in the great and good work. If we do this, we shall not only have saved the Union; but we shall have so saved it, as to make, and keep it, forever worthy of the saving.† To further the Anti-Nebraska cause, Lincoln allowed himself to be named as a candidate for the Illinois House of Representatives. On November 7, 1854, he was elected. But the senatorial term of James Shields, a Douglas supporter, was expiring and Lincoln was in a position to take the seat. To strengthen his candidacy, he declined to accept his seat in the Illinois House. In February 1855, the legislature met in joint session. On the first ballot, Lincoln was the leader with 44 votes, but could not win without the five votes received by Lyman Trumbull. Vote after vote, Trumbull’s supporters refused to budge. After the ninth ballot, Lincoln realized that unless he threw his support to Trumbull, a supporter of the Kansas-Nebraska Act would be elected. So he released his supporters to vote for Trumbull and Trumbull won the election. But Lincoln became the clear leader of the Anti-Nebraska men and was destined to run against Stephen A. Douglas when his term expired in 1858. Lincoln Opposes Douglas At the Republican State Convention of Illinois, on June 16, 1858, a resolution declaring â€Å"that Abraham is the first and only choice of the Republicans of Illinois for the United States Senate as the successor to Stephen A. Douglas† was carried unanimously. Acknowledging the nomination that evening, Lincoln delivered what became known as the House Divided Speech–the name being taken from the opening of the speech: â€Å"†¦We are now far into the fifth year since a policy was initiated with the avowed object and confident promise of putting an end to slavery agitation. Under the operation of that policy, that agitation has not only not ceased, but has constantly augmented. In my opinion, it will not cease until a crisis shall have been reached and passed. â€Å"A house divided against itself cannot stand.† I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved–I do not expect the house to fall–but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new, North as well as South.† Lincoln borrowed the reference to the â€Å"house divided against itself,† from the Bible. In the twelfth chapter of Matthew, Jesus healed a man possessed with a devil. The Pharisees accused him of casting out devils by the power of Beelzebub, the prince of devils. To this, Jesus replied: â€Å"Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation; and every city or house divided against itself shall not stand: And if Satan cast out Satan, he is divided against himself; how shall then his kingdom stand?† (Matthew 12:25) Lincoln made a public reference to this Biblical quotation as early as 1843, when he wrote a circular emphasizing the unity of the Whig party: â€Å"That ‘union is strength’ is a truth that has been known, illustrated, and declared in various ways and forms in all ages of the world. That great fabulist and philosopher, Aesop, illustrated it by his fable of the bundle of sticks; and he whose wisdom surpasses that of all philosophers has declared that ‘a house divided against itself cannot stand.'† The quotation was one which Lincoln obviously found useful. However, it was only after careful consideration that he included it in his speech at the state Republican Convention in 1858. Lincoln was well aware that the position could be inflammatory. In fact, most of Lincoln’s friends advised against it. Within weeks, Stephen Douglas would twist Lincoln’s meaning and paint him as a warmonger and radical abolitionist. But as part of Lincoln’s legacy, the House Divided Speech marked the point at which Abraham Lincoln, local politician, firmly planted his stake in the ground on a highly-charged national issue. ——————————————————————————– MR. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN OF THE CONVENTION: If we could first know where we are, and whither we are tending, we could better judge what to do, and how to do it. We are now far into the fifth year since a policy was initiated, with the avowed object and confident promise, of putting an end to slavery agitation. Under the operation of that policy, that agitation has not only, not ceased, but has constantly augmented. In my opinion, it will not cease until a crisis shall have been reached and passed. â€Å"A house divided against itself cannot stand.† I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved–I do not expect the house to fall–but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery, will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new, North as well as South. Have we no tendency to the latter condition? Let any one who doubts, carefully contemplate that now almost complete legal combination–piece of machinery so to speak–compounded of the Nebraska doctrine, and the Dred Scott decision. Let him consider not only what work the machinery is adapted to do, and how well adapted; but also, let him study the history of its construction, and trace, if he can, or rather fail, if he can, to trace the evidences of design, and concert of action, among its chief architects, from the beginning. But, so far, Congress only, had acted; and an indorsement by the people, real or apparent, was indispensible, to save the point already gained, and give chance for more.

Emergency Department Bottleneck Proposal

Emergency Department Bottleneck Proposal Middletown Hospital is a 200-bed, not-for-profit-general hospital that has an emergency department with 20 emergency beds. The emergency department handles on an average 100 patients per day. The hospital’s CEO has authorized the Six Sigma Team (SST) to address complaints received from patients seeking treatment between 6:00 p. m. and 10:00 p. m. The complaints are centered on waiting times and poor service. During this time the data indicates that approximately 70% of the department’s admissions occur (University of Phoenix, 2009, Course Syllabus). To address these complaints and improve performance of the emergency department the Six Sigma Team must understand process improvement proposals. The process must identify the reason of the bottleneck; identify the correct data collection method; the use of capacity planning; accurate analysis of the scheduling and controlling techniques; and identify a recommendation on staffing or alternative sources of care. Process Improvement Proposals A process improvement proposal is a mechanism to define the opportunities needed to reduce the number of steps, interactions, decision points, reports, and the length of the defined practice (Langabeer, 2008). Three key areas need to be addressed when improving a current practice. According to Langabeer (2008), these areas include increasing capacity, reducing the use of resources, and reducing the amount of variation (p. 79). For example, if the emergency department is currently seeing patients at a rate of four per hour during normal business hours, and this rate drops to one per hour during the period listed a bottleneck will result. To address this issue the department needs to provide the resources necessary to avoid the problem. However, when the reason for the bottleneck is known the correction must include steps to preserve resources. These steps must address reducing the cost per patient, removing excessive steps, and exposures that are unnecessary. Because the data shows the bottleneck occurring after normal business hours the third key area is equally important for successful performance. This area involves the development of control tools. These tools will assist the department when variation occurs, these tools can include the development of contingency plans to use other hospital resources available after normal business hours; for example the use of clinical examination rooms for patient overflow. Process of Improvement Method Edward Deming introduces a method known as the Deming Cycle to identify bottlenecks within organizational structures. The Deming Cycle comprised of a continuous process cycle that involve planning, implementation, assessment and decision-making. Deming postulated that â€Å"business processes should be analyzed and measured to identify sources of variations that cause products to deviate from customer requirement† (Arveson, 1998, para 1). Each step gives operation managers the feedback needed to determine if they are meeting current objectives. Arveson also suggest that this checklist will help reduce bottlenecks from happening while increasing productivity within every department. Comparing the Middleton Hospital use of Six Sigma methodology to Deming Cycle both methods can help reduce bottlenecks issues with waiting time that occurs during interval time of 6:00 p. . to 10:00 p. m. Six Sigma methodology uses phases of defining a problem and provide an alternative solution to the problem. The next phase includes measuring the solution’s outcomes, analyzing the outcomes’ goals and effectiveness, improving any flaws that was identified in the improvement process, and controlling any costs or activities to contain cost and resource deficiency (National Association of Health Care Quality, 2009). The Six Sigma system addresses each problem measuring a quantitative solution to be addressed by upper management and delivered to department heads for implementation. Appropriate Collection Methods Middletown Hospital needs to look at different ways of collecting data. Data collection can be subdivided into three categories with service type, department, and floor. This collection of data is valuable tool that managers need to have in order to understand the flow of business within each department. With the collection of data it will allow managers to calculate the volumes of patients during specific times. The SST will require data collected from all computers used to monitor access to the admission system. Additional data will have specific times at which the patient reported to various stations of treatment, and when the patient was discharged. A multivariate trend forecasting method will be more appropriate in this setting; the use of multiple variables about the item being forecasted allows seasons and cycles to be combined with other variables and improve forecast accuracy (Langabeer, 2008). This will give operation managers better forecasting abilities as they will be able to see trends. Finally, the SST will need to analyze the amount of resources or assets available to serve demand (Langabeer, 2008). Quantitative data needed to measure capacity will include: the number of available beds and treatment rooms, the number of key providers and other staff available at each point of care between 6:00 p. m. and 10:00 p. m. , and availability of key medical technologies and equipment. Examples of key medical equipment are diagnostic imaging, X-ray and laboratory equipment. Methods to Analyze The first step in analyzing the cause of Middletown Hospital’s emergency department bottleneck is to perform a capacity analysis that will help to identify appropriate assets and resources to serve the increased need within each emergency department. The analysis should capture statistical data in time series format that will show sequential data recorded during different time periods throughout the day. Data should be included from time periods when the emergency room is successful in handling demand as well as occurrences of the bottleneck. Creation of a control chart can also be useful in discovering areas of daily operations that are contributing to the current issue of meeting demand. Middletown Hospital is aware that they can not keep up with the demand placed upon each department with current needs. In knowing the limitations, data from the other 20 hours in which emergency department is in operation can be used to obtain values for a mean and average to be used to create a control limit. Taking data from the entire day can be used to obtain a standard deviation value as well. Data and observations that show a large deviation from the mean will alert the staff to areas that need to be updated or streamlined. The control data that is being recorded should be able to define staff ratios, numbers of patients seen, time of day, day of the week, equipment or technology malfunctions, ime of patient visit, reason, and duration. A control chart can help Middletown Hospital distinguish normal and abnormal processes within their patient delivery service. Bottlenecks Operation managers need to handle many different jobs at once. These jobs can be dealing with bottlenecks, and forecasting. Operation managers need to look at current flow of business to determine the proper amount of staffing needed to handle problems in the future. By working with an accurate forecast managers are able to see what is expected and when the flow of business will occur. When increasing staffing in any department the profitability will decrease at start, but soon will rebound as more patients realize they are receiving treatment at a faster pace. According to Langabeer (2008), one of the keys to increase throughput or capacity is to remove these obstacles or bottlenecks, which is called de-bottlenecking (p. 96). Increasing the number of staff on during peak times it will be easy to reduce the number of complaints and increase the profitability of every department. Being able to remove the barriers will allow managers to see the results within days instead of weeks. Within any department comes demand and being able to predict the demand allows managers to become better forecasters. According to Langabeer (2008), â€Å"forecasting is a collaborative process that estimates the volume of patients that will be served over a specific time period. More precisely, it is a projection of demand that will occur along three dimensions: service type, location, and time dimensions† (p. 97-98). Managers will have to better look at the forecasting they are doing in order to make sure they are using the most current data in order to predict flow and handle problems. Recommendation on Staffing Middletown hospital’s ability to move patients smoothly through the emergency department has become a conversation of complaint for patients. Due to the high volume of patients being seen during the hours of 6:00 p. m. and 10:00 p. m. changes need to be made to optimize waiting times and efficiently treat patients. The emergency department is averaging 100 patients per day which, means that 70 of them are coming through the emergency department between 6:00 p. m. and 9:00 p. m. According to Langabeer (2008), in health care, wait times are frequently a source of poor patient satisfaction and process inefficiency (p. 10). The hospital emergency department is currently plagued with a lack of staff scheduled at key times and needs to look at alternatives to better manage the movement of patients. Creating a solution for Middletown hospital means using multiple channel servers to reduce check in time and maximize on hand staff’s time management. Because a majority of the iss ues arise at a key time in the day the revision of the patient routing and flow is required. According to Hall (2006), therefore, by altering patient routing and flow, it may be possible to minimize patient waiting times and increase staff utilization (p. 221). Bottlenecks occur in a hospital emergency department because of the triage concept of putting most significant injuries first. This means many minor care issues will be pushed back. Combating this issue creating a fast track lane to handle minor care issues will decrease patient complaints and wait time. These concepts should reduce the wait time of patients within this three hour block and maximize their experience in the emergency department at Middletown hospital. Conclusion Bottleneck is often the result of an organization lacking the capacity to meet the needs of clients in delivering a particular service. Middletown hospital was given a recommendation to review its current organization capacity by examining their processes, resources, technology. Middletown hospital was able to define other available resources which could be used to assist with meeting their patient demand. Reference Arveson, P. (1998). The Deming Cycle. Retrieved November 27, 2009, from http://www. balancedscorecard. org/TheDemingCycle/tabid/112/Default. aspx Hall, R. (2006). Patient flow: reducing delay in healthcare delivery. Los Angeles, CA: Springer Science Business Media, LLC. Langabeer, J. (2008). Health care operations management: A quantitative approach to business and logistics [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. Sudbury,MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from University of Phoenix, OPS/HC571 Health Care Operations Management Web site. National Association of Healthcare Quality. (2009). JHQ 174: Lean Six Sigma in health care. Retrieved November 27, 2009, from http://www. nahq. org/journal/ce/article. html? article_id=250 University of Phoenix. (2009). OPS/HC571 course syllabus. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from University of Phoenix OPS/HC571- Course Materials Web site.

Lower the college tuition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lower the college tuition - Essay Example Since education is based upon the ideals of opportunity for all and higher personal advancement, increased tuition costs ruin the promise of education and make it only available to the elite members of society. Education is supposed to be meritocratic in nature and that means that people are accepted into universities and colleges across this country based on their abilities and not the wealth of their parents. Education is the way in which people break through social barriers like class and privilege. Is it true that education is merit-based? Is it true that America’s ideas about higher education are based upon the notion that it allows people to advance, progress and move forward in life? A basic idea behind the sociology of education is that it promotes greater equality and is based upon merit and equal opportunity for all. The expansion of education in the past two hundred years in the United States is an incredible advance which has supposed increased social equality and made society a better place. Less than one hundred years ago, the educational institutions of this country were closed to women, ethnic minorities such as African-Americans and a whole bunch of other social gro ups. What is amazing is that while a long time ago educational opportunities were denied to more than 50% of the population, today education is supposed to be available to all. Education is supposed to promote social equality and when tuition is high and out of reach for many students, it promotes division based on social class and limits the opportunities for many qualified students (Conley, 59-72). Looking at the opportunities associated with higher education, academics Persell & Cookson studied education and privilege. They determined that through education â€Å"the transmission of privilege is central to the reproduction of an

Strategic Management and Executives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Developments in Pakistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Developments in Pakistan - Essay Example The rulers and administrators of Pakistan had a tough task in dealing with the internal squabbles and maintaining the law and order situation. Pakistan shot into international fame, not because of its achievements in the economic field, but for its terrorist leanings. Whether it supports the international terrorism or not, is a highly debatable question even today. Its leadership asserts that it does not, but India and America strongly believe that it does! The developments in Iraq, the 9/11 terrorist attacks that rattled America in the year 2001,and the subsequent rise in global terrorism, whose base is in Afghanistan and the border districts of Pakistan, has brought this country to the international scene. Due to Americas close alliance with Pakistan for strategic reasons, this country is always in the limelight for one reason for the other, during the last decade. It emerged out of isolation and is a newsworthy country in the international press. â€Å" In October 1999, Pakistanà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Chief of Army Staff Gen. Pervez Musharraf replaced Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in a bloodless coup. Following the military overthrow of an elected government, Islamabad faced considerable international opprobrium and was subjected to automatic coup-related U.S. sanctions. The September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States and Musharraf’s ensuing withdrawal of support for the Afghan Taliban regime, however,had the effect of greatly reducing Pakistan’s international isolation.†(PDF-Pakistans....) From the point of view of policy declarations, USA avers that Pakistan is a vital ally in the international anti-terrorism coalition. USA is fully aware of the shortcomings and limitations of functioning of the Pakistans political leadership, where religious fanaticism rules the roost. USA wishes to lend a helping hand in strengthening

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MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH PROGRAMS (Module 1 SLP) Essay

MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH PROGRAMS (Module 1 SLP) - Essay Example The manager of our interest was appointed as head of a health service and research institute in 1993, that time it was on the verge of closure due to mismanagement and inefficiency. The head excelled in planning, organizing, communicating, leading, controlling and monitoring. As showed by Koontz and O'Donnel (1959) the head had proficiency in all the major functions of a manager (Koontz & O'Donnel 1959). No doubt the head was an active leader. As showed by Bateman and Zeithaml (1993) the head used vision and judgement to create opportunities and did the right things (Bateman& Zeithaml, 1993). The head gave opportunity for high performance. Incentive was given for excellent performers. The head always ensured success and used to project ones own success as institutes success. Finally the head made everybody to believe that head is the personification of institute. The institute started progressing and at the end of a decade it became one of the internationally renowned institutes. Lot of laurels and praise came to the head of the institute. People started praising the head as one of the successful managers. the head got retired, the employees of the institute were divided in to two groups, one the so called high performers patronised by the head and two, the worthless low performers! Institute fell into internal squabbles and was in great trouble. Nobody had direction as everybody was accustomed to orders. Analysis of Strengths and Weaknesses In spite of being an active leader and visionary the head failed to develop positive work environment because the head gave orders rather than directions. Though the head gave opportunity and incentive for high performance in the process the head formed a group of henchmen. As depicted by Agars and Wilson (2005) the head applied the principles of classical conditioning in its crude form (Agars & Wilson, 2005). Person and group of persons took precedence over activity. Bateman and Zeithaml (1993) outlined effective manager as an active leader who creates a positive work environment in which the organization and its employees have the opportunity and the incentive to achieve high performance (Bateman & Zeithaml, 1993). Though successful the head failed to become an effective manager. References Agars, W.S., & Wilson, G.T. (2005). Learning theory. In B.J. Sadock & V.A.Sadock

Great Ormond street hospital Essay Example for Free

Great Ormond street hospital Essay This is because we all agreed that we would be keen to make money for this charity. This charity raises money for the hospital to provide exceptional care for young patients and to discover new treatments and cures for their illnesses. Before deciding this charity, we looked on their website (www. gosh. org) to see exactly where our contribution would go, and how it would benefit the charity. They state that donations help fund the most up-to-date medical equipment, refurbish the hospital, support the research of developing break-through treatments and provide accommodation and support for children and their families. In addition when looking up this information, we found Fundraising Guidelines that GOSH supplied for people running fundraising events. We read the guidelines and found them extremely helpful for running our first event. These guidelines can be found in Appendix -. Other events that were being contemplated are listed below: Formal Winter Ball   Halloween Fair   Car Boot Sale   A Cake Fair However, these ideas were not taken further as it was believe they would not be as successful as holding a Christmas Fair. This is because; a Formal Winter Ball subjects to only couples, and would find people being uncomfortable if they had no date, this means our amount of attendees would be smaller which would not bring as much profit. Our Christmas fair is open to all of the public, an event that you can go to with family, friends or partners. There is no limit to amount of people helping our chances of greater profit. After discussing a Halloween event, we concluded it would not be as successful because not everybody celebrates Halloween in great detail, and usually only celebrate with kids, also narrowing our attendees. Furthermore, we agreed that we would not be able to organise ourselves in enough time, whereas we had more time to prepare to hold the Christmas Fair because of seasonal timings. Also a, Cake Fair is too limited, and finding stallholders who would want to attend would be limited as there would be too much competition for them narrowing the chances of selling cakes. Finally we decided against a Car Boot Sale as not many of us were enthused by the idea, and felt a Christmas Fair would get people in a good mood before the celebrations begin. A copy of our research for these events and our Christmas Fair research can be found in Appendix 4. We chose the Christmas Fair to be our event as it can appeal to a large amount of people and therefore has a wider target demographic. By creating an event that appeals to a wide range of people will reduce the risk of not making a profit. This will help the success of an event, rather than a failed attempt. With more customers open to the event, means there is more potential for the event to be profitable. Also due to the Christmas season being celebrated by many, more people will be willing and interested to participate. The day will be full of excitement and entertainment for all members of the community to attend and enjoy them. It also seems relevant, as Christmas is an extremely popular annual holiday which dominates the end of November all the way through to December 25th. Being able to work in a team is essential in planning any event and also quite important to many businesses and therefore seems a skill that should be taken professionally. As the Christmas Fair was open to the public, it is even more important that the team work well together. Therefore it was the best event to stage in order to improve our skills. The event is also to raise money for Great Ormond Street Hospital, which suggests that more people are likely to attend and support our school to raise money for a great charity. The objectives that we created used SMART, in order to help the day become a success. SPECIFIC MEASURABLE ACHIEVABLE RELEVANT TIMES These are our objectives: 1. Have over 100 attendees and supply great customer service. The objective is to have over 100 attendees; this will allow us to see how well our advertising techniques were used. In addition it is imperative to have good customer service throughout the function. Without customer satisfaction, people are less likely to buy products or help to achieve our aim of producing an enjoyable festive event. Without customer satisfaction could also relate to a negative impression of our school, and making stallholders look bad too as they are associated with our event. This objective is more than achievable and sensible when creating an enjoyable day for families. The amount of profit and products being sold could also measure the rate of customer satisfaction. This is because, if people are not happy with the service they are getting less raffle tickets are likely to be sold, as well a the amount of people in the event. 2. Diverse Target Market The objective is to have leaflets given to different schools, and areas of Royston by 2nd November. By appealing to a wide target market means that the day has more chance of being successful and making a maximum profit. If the day only appealed to a limited audience, less profit is likely to be made. The wide target market also helps to achieve the aim of making a profit. This is very achievable and sensible in order to create a profitable day, as the amount of people that will enjoy the day is not limited. By creating a day for all ages means it is appealing to the maximum amount of people possible and therefore not leaving anyone out voluntarily. It is achievable by aiming stall, activities and prizes to a wide range of ages, and personalities. 3. A diverse amount of stalls Another objective of ours is to have 15 stalls by 15th September. By offering diverse stalls means it more likely that people will buy more products. It also helps produce a day for families by targeting all ages within the stalls taking part. Offering a wide variety of stalls also means that more money is likely to be made and therefore increases the chance of making a profit overall. If there were not a wide variety of stalls, less products will be sold as there will be a limited target audience. This could be measured through the range of ages, as well and products and prizes on the day. 2. Research   Primary Primary research is the technique of collecting data yourself. It is the process of collecting completely new and original information. These techniques include questionnaires, interviews, and surveys. The form of primary research used to collect information concerning the Christmas Fair was a questionnaire. This included relevant questions aimed at all ages in order to make the day as successful as possible and make it as easy as possible to reach the aim of the event. A questionnaire is not a very time consuming method of primary research and also means a lot of different information is found from a variety of different people. A questionnaire allows people to create questions that fit the audience, in this case, families and allows you to ask relevant specific questions to fit the purpose. A questionnaire also means fairly reliable answers are received. We asked a large variety of people that live in our surrounding area. A large variety of people including young children, teenagers, adults and elderly people were asked in order to get a wide variety of results and to ensure that our aim can be reach with this type of event. This is because, if the event is aimed at families, it is important to create an event that will appeal to all ages. Also, a total of 100 people were questioned, as it is easier to summarise and accurately measure. This means better results will be found. A copy of the questionnaire and the results can be found in Appendix 1 2. The results of the questionnaire show that we will benefit from including aspects such as having a raffle; refreshments and childrens stall such as painting as some of the activities and choices, in order to please the customers and meet the customer service objective created. The Santas Grotto and a chance to have a photo with Santa are also beneficial and would help raise more money for Great Ormond Street Hospital as well as meeting the requirement of younger children and parents. The majority of the responses was positive and therefore shows that a Christmas Fair would be extremely beneficial to stage. This means there is no reason to dispute over any other events as them Christmas Fair has a high chance of being successful due to all of the positive feedback. We also went to a surrounding areas annual Fate on the 19th June and asked stallholders if they would be interested in our Christmas Fair at the end of the year. We created a slip on Word Processor that they could fill out with their name, business name, number, e-mail address and nature of stall so that we would contact them in the near future. It also gave us an advantage to see what activities and layout that they had to use for our Christmas Fair. A copy of our information collected from Therfield Fate can be found in Appendix 4.   Secondary. Secondary research is information conducted and found by someone else used as part of your market research. This could be any information you see useful or need to find out information of your own, for example a school website with information of their Christmas craft fairs. There are a number of benefits and drawback to using secondary research. It is a very cheap method of collecting data as no effort or money has to be spent on creating, conducting or analysing of the results and source. As secondary research we looked at a variety of websites to find information about surrounding schools craft fairs such as dates and times.

Database Design And Development For Veterinary Surgery Computer Science Essay

Database Design And Development For Veterinary Surgery Computer Science Essay Petcare is a medium sized veterinary surgery with six branches across London. There is the entity relationship model of the data held by Petcare. Petcare want a database system developed to handle the records of the animals they care for, prescriptions and appointments. According to an initial analysis of Petcare, the entities include owner, animal, breed, animal type, appointment, veterinary doctor, branch, prescription, drug and drug type. Owner and Animal is One to Many Relationship All animals have an owner. Breed and Animal is One to Many Relationship Animals are defined by particular breed. Animal Type and Breed is One to Many Relationship Animals are defined by type (dog, cat, rabbit, etc) and also by particular breed Animal and Appointment is One to Many Relationship (Optional) The appointments for each animal are based upon the owner request. Veterinary doctor and Appointment is One to Many Relationship (Optional) The appointments for each Veterinary doctor are based upon the diagnosis made and the charge made. Branch and Veterinary doctor is One to Many Relationship Appointments are at particular branches of Petcare. Appointment and Prescription is One to Many Relationship (Optional) The outcome of the appointment might be have a prescription or more than one prescription. Prescription and Drug is One to Many Relationship (Optional) The outcome of the appointment might be a prescription with one or more drugs on it Drug Type and Drug is One to Many Relationship The drug must be taken for, based upon the drug type of prescription. Entity -relationship modeling database modeling methods used to produce the type of conceptual schema, or semantic data model, system, often a relational database and its requirements for top-down fashion. Entity-relationship models are used in the first phase of information system for clarify the types of information. And it is necessary to be stored in a database at the stage of requirements analysis. Animal Appointment Prescription Owner Veterinary doctor Drug Type Drug Animal Breed Animal Type Branch Definition of Optionality and Cardinality Symbols at the ends of the relationship lines indicate the optionality and the cardinality of each relationship. Optionality expresses whether the relationship is optional or mandatory. Cardinality expresses the maximum number of relationships. As a relationship line is followed from an entity to another, near the related entity two symbols will appear. The first of those is the optionality indicator. A circle ( â„ ¢ ) indicates that the relationship is optional-the minimum number of relationships between each instance of the first entity and instances of the related entity is zero. One can think of the circle as a zero, or a letter O for optional. A stroke ( | ) indicates that the relationship is mandatory-the minimum number of relationships between each instance of the first entity and instances of the related entity is one. The second symbol indicates cardinality. A stroke ( | ) indicates that the maximum number of relationships is one. A crows-foot ( ) indicates that many such relationships between instances of the related entities might exist. Task 2 Table is a data (value), is the model of the vertical columns (which identifies the name) and the horizontal lines. A specified number of columns in the table, it may be any number of rows. Each row to identify the subset of the values in the column, which has been identified as a candidate key. Table in another term relationship, although there is the difference that a table is usually a multi-set (bag) as a series, and does not allow copies. In addition, the actual data rows, the panels are generally associated with some other meta-data, such as restrictions on the table or the values in columns. Primary key: Primary key is a field / combination of fields. It is uniquely identify a record in the table, so each tag can be placed without any confusion. Primary key is the field (s) (primary key can be made up of more than one field). It is uniquely identifies each record, such as the primary key is unique to each record and the value will never be duplicated in the same table. A constraint is a rule that defines what data are valid for the area. So the primary key constraint is the rule which says that the primary key field can not be empty and can not contain duplicate data. Database systems always have more than one table, and these are usually related in any way. For example, a customer table and an Order table relate to each other on a unique customer number. The customer table will always be a record for per customer, and the Order table has a record for each order Foreign keys: A foreign key (sometimes referred to as the reference key) is a key for link two tables together. you will have a primary key field from one table and paste it into another table, which becomes the foreign key (the primary key in the original table). Foreign key constraints that the data in the foreign keys must be consistent with the primary key of the table are linked. This is called reference integrity is to ensure that data entered is correct and is not unique Owner Table Animal Table Owner Name Animal Name Owner ID Animal ID Owner Address *Animal Type Owner Home Telephone Number *Animal Breed Owner Mobile Telephone Number Animal Sex Animal Age Appointment Table Appointment Number Animal Type Table Appointment ID Animal Type ID *Animal Dog *Owner Cat *Veterinary Doctor Rabbit *Branch Appointment Time and Date Animal Breed Table Appointment Diagnosis Made Animal Breed ID Appointment Charge Made Outcome Prescription Table Prescription ID *Drug Type Veterinary doctor Table Prescription Period Veterinary Doctor ID Prescription In Days Veterinary Doctor Name The drug must be taken for Veterinary Doctor Address The cost of the medication Veterinary Doctor Home Telephone Number Drug Table Veterinary Doctor Moblie Telephone Number Drug ID *Branch Drug Names *Specialise Drug Type Table Branch Table Drug Type ID Branch Name Drug Type Names Branch ID Branch Address Branch Telephone Number Branch Opening Hours Branch Emergency Contact Telephone Number In Owner Table Primary key Owner ID In Appointment Table Primary key Appointment ID Foreign keys *Animal *Owner *Veterinary Doctor *Branch In Veterinary doctor Table Primary key Veterinary Doctor ID Foreign keys *Branch *Specialise In Branch Table Primary key Branch ID In Animal Table Primary key Animal ID Foreign keys *Animal Type *Animal Breed In Animal Type Table Primary key Animal Type ID In Animal Breed Table Primary key Animal Breed ID In Prescription Table Primary key Prescription ID Foreign keys * Drug Type In Drug Table Primary key Drug ID Drug Type Table Primary key Drug Type ID Task 3 Tables of Data Hold by Petcare MS Access is chosen to set up the tables of data hold by Petcare . Owner Table Appointment Table Veterinary doctor Table Branch Table Animal Table Animal Type Table Animal Breed Table Drug Table Drug Type Table Normalization is a set of rules .It can be used to modify the way data is stored in tables. Normalize the process of converting complex data structures into sample, stable data structures. It is the process of efficiently organizing data in a database. The advantage of the normalization process is to reduce data redundant and ensure data dependencies make sense. Normalization has the following steps: Gathering data, choosing a key, converting to first normal form, converting to second normal form, converting to third normal form, BCNF, 4NF, 5NF and domain-Key NF. 5NF and DKNF are not particularly applicable in database design. Normalization is a bottom up approach to database design, The designer interviews users and collects documents reports etc. The data on a report can be listed and then normalized to produce the required tables and attributes. 1NF This is the basic level of normalization, and it generally corresponds to the definition of any database, namely: It contains 2D tables with rows and columns. Each column corresponds to a sub-object or an attribute of the object represented by the all entire table. Each row represents a unique instance of that sub-object or attribute and must be different to some way from any other row. All entries in all columns must be of the same kind. 2NF -Second normal form (2NF). At this level of normalization, each column in a table is not to determine of the contents of another column must itself be a function of the other columns in the table 3NF-Third normal form (3NF). In the second normal form, modifications are still possible; it is because a change to one row in a table may affect data that refers to this information from another table. In the third normal form, these tables will be divided into two tables so that product pricing would be tracked separately Task 4 DBMS is a collection of software programs, the organization, storage, management and retrieval of data in a database. DBMS are categorized according to their structures and data types. It is a series of programs that are used to store, update and retrieve a database. The DBMS accepts requests for data from the program and shows the system to the appropriate data. When a DBMS is used, information can be changed much easier than organizing the information requirements change. New types of data may be included in the database, without the existing system. Organizations may be a kind of DBMS for daily business and then in detail on another computer, with another DBMS better suited for random inquiries and analysis. Overall systems design decisions are covered by the data administrators and systems analysts. Detailed database design is supported by the database administrators. Database servers are computers that have the actual database, and run only the software and the associated DBMS. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays for stable storage. Connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, hardware database accelerators are also available in large quantities of transaction processing environments. Database systems can be found in the heart of most database applications. Sometimes database systems to a private multitasking kernel with built-in networking support although nowadays these functions are left to the operating system. A DBMS consists of four parts: modeling language, data structure, database query language, transaction and mechanisms: Components of the DBMS DBMS Engine accepts logical request from the various other DBMS subsystems, converts them into physical equivalent, and in fact to the database and data dictionary as they appear on a single device. Data definition subsystem helps users to create and the data dictionary and the structure of the files in a database. Data manipulation subsystem helps users add, modify and delete information in a database query and for valuable information. Software tools within the data handling subsystem is usually the primary interface between users and the information contained in a database. It allows user to the logical requirements. Application number generation subsystem includes facilities, the user transactions to develop applications. It usually requires that users with a detailed series of tasks to a transaction. IT facilities easy to use input masks, programming languages, interfaces and data management subsystem .* helps users to manage the database environment by providing facilities for backup and recovery, security management, query optimization, concurrency control and change management. Five components of the DBMS DBMS Engine accepts logical request from the various other DBMS subsystems, converts them into physical equivalent, and in fact to the database and data dictionary as they appear on a single device. Data definition subsystem helps users to create and the data dictionary and the structure of the files in a database. Data manipulation subsystem helps users add, modify and delete information in a database query and for valuable information. Software tools within the data handling subsystem is usually the primary interface between users and the information contained in a database. It allows user to the logical requirements. Application number generation subsystem includes facilities, the user transactions to develop applications. It usually requires that users with a detailed series of tasks to a transaction. IT facilities easy to use input masks, programming languages and interfaces. Data Administration Subsystem helps users to manage the database environment by providing facilities for backup and recovery, security management, query optimization, concurrency control and change management. Access has become an industry standard in desktop and database engine is very powerful. Integration with speech recognition capabilities, the data and menus very easy. There are a large number of templates, including the one you can download online, what the creation of new databases very easy. The ability, they can not just be productive quickly, but you can also use things that meet your specific needs. Connectivity options are an advantage Access databases can connect to Excel spreadsheets, ODBC Connections, SQL Server and SharePoint Services sites for the live data. Tables in these sources can be linked and for the preparation of reports. Structured Query Language Structured Query Language (SQL) is a language that the computer database for managing data in relational database management systems (RDBMS). Its scope includes data query and updating of schema creation and modification, data and access control. SQL was one of the first languages for Edgar F. Codd s relational model in his influential paper, A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks and was the most widely used language for relational databases. Many-to-Many Relationships A many-to-many relationships we have created a situation in which many companies cases are linked to many other business entities. The only way to resolve this situation and enforce the principle of minimizing redundancy of normalization is to create an intermediary table containing the primary key from the above tables. Creation of multiple connections between two tables would cause the replication of data, which is bad and will interweaving relationships can definitely wreck every good program you have in mind. The solution would be to create a third table, which as a cross-reference table. This cross-table (commonly known as X-REF) is the primary key columns from the previous two tables, and thus we have a relationship, when the X-REF table is a child table with the two parent companies earlier tables. We map the manifold relations of a third relationship in a third table. Therefore, we are opposed to our task of producing two individual one-to-many relationships, that are foreign keys relations with the parent table primary key. Microsoft Access Database Microsoft Access, you can easily create databases, store and present your data in forms and reports. When starting a database can be very simple and trivial, but over time, it may be critical, as you have more data, functions, and even share them with others. It gains a life of its own and the design will be of crucial importance. One of the main architectural designs is splitting the database into a front-end and back-end database. This is the way access has been designed so that you support multi-user databases to significantly simplify and improve how you use over time. Reasons for using a split database architecture Without a separate database architecture, you must update the database with the latest data that people have with each new release. Application number expansions are simplified because they are the front-end database without worrying about changes to the data in the back-end database. Release of new versions and bug fixes will be much easier, since only part of the application must be distributed. Of course, if you change table structures or add / delete / rename the tables, you must apply these changes on the back-end database. Performance can be significantly improved and the network traffic is reduced, if the user has a copy of the front-end database on the desktop instead of from the net every time they use it. Temporary tables can be kept for each user in the front-end database. This avoids collisions between multiple simultaneous users, if they were all equipped with a database. Without sharing a database, multiple users with the same database on the network increases the chance of database corruption. The split database design minimizes the problem and prevents code corruption of data impact of corruption. This simplifies database administration, because the data is centrally stored and backed up and compressed. A single master front-end database application will be copied to each user of the machine, but it is not necessary to. Provides the opportunity to create a database on the size of 2 GB size limitation of access as the front-end database can be found on several back-end databases, if necessary. Sets the stage for migration to SQL Server. If the application needs the functionality of SQL Server, you can use the front-end database to link to data stored in SQL Server. The access is for desktop use, more like a personal database. There can be multiple users in a workgroup in order, the total number of users (usually around 50 or so at a time) is small, however. This means that access is more useful for individual departments or the SMB (small and medium business sectors). Access also has difficulties with databases larger than 2 GB in size, but just to be safe you should limit use to about 1 GB. As you scale up the size, performance is slow (almost to the point of unresponsiveness). Use of multimedia data, even your digital camera photos can eat place very quickly. Until the 2007-version came on, even the way the pictures and other facilities for storage in Access databases to a bloat. Although the investment in Access 2007 takes care of that 2 GB of space could be very fast. Many pointed out that the SQL Server database is a real, as they compete with enterprise-level databases such as Oracle. Another difficulty pointed out by many, as the publication of anything other than static files is a problem with Access. It takes some work to access the data interactively. But you can SharePoint, a significantly large investments. Many believe that the SQL in MS Access is not as robust as the other databases. It is a very widespread belief that access is geared to developers than end users. Microsoft Access is an well organized development environment used to create computer-based databases. It also includes a programming language called Visual Basic For Application (VBA) and various libraries. This language and the libraries are used in a programming environment called Microsoft Visual Basic, which also includes in Microsoft Access. Microsoft Access 2007 is a full-featured database application which users can use it to manage, track and share information from multiple sources. It lets users easily create a user-friendly database for storing business or personal records, such as addresses, business partners and business transactions. Task 5 The use of data base management system When analyzing the Entity Relationship Data Model, it is quite easy to garble roles. We need to be more careful to identify them. When choosing data base management system (DBMS) to set up the normalized tables. There are many DBMS software surrounding the internet, e.g. Oracle, MySQL, Ms Access, ASP, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In this case, We choose Microsoft Access because it has its own format based on the Access Jet Database Engine. It can import or link easily and directly to any data stored in other Access databases, excel, Share Point lists, text, XML, Outlook, HTML, dBase, Paradox, Lotus 1-2-3, or any ODBC-compliant data container including Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL and PostgreSQL. We can use it to develop application Software and non-programmer power users can use it to build simple applications. It also supports some object-oriented techniques but falls short of being a fully object-oriented development tool. Microsoft Access is part of the Microsoft Office suite and is the most popular Windows desktop database application. It is targeted for the information worker market, and is the natural progression for managing data when the need for a relational database arises or after reaching the limits of Microsoft Excel. Object-orientation and databases Both object-oriented programming and relational database management systems (RDBMSs) are extremely common in software today. Since relational databases do not store objects directly (though some RDBMSs have object-oriented features to approximate this), there is a general need to bridge the two worlds. The core of object-relational thinking is the ability to incorporate greater levels of abstraction into data models. This idea represents a major shift in the way that data modelling is done. Current relational databases are usually highly normalized but with little abstraction. Each thing of interest is instantiated as a relational table. As a result, systems frequently require numerous database tables and an equal number of screen modules and reports. The program modules are usually based directly on these tables with user workflow only instantiated through the way that the hundreds of screen modules interact. The object-oriented (OO) approach to data modelling will be something of a change for people familiar with entity relationship modelling. Even though we still end up with tables and relationships at the end of the process, the way to think about the modelling process has to change. Object-relational data models have several advantages over traditional data models: They requir e fewer entities (or classes in object-oriented terminology); They are more robust, in that they will support not only the specific user requirements gathered during the analysis phase, but will also usually support a broader class of requirements; They are more stable in that, as new requirements arise, the models will require fewer changes than traditional models Improvement Data is not information unless it is valued. Information value provides profit or gain only when accessible or used. Accessibility and use, through organized systems, provides competitive advantage. Speed determines the degree of competitive advantage. Computerized database systems are thus, the ultimate method of high-speed information retrieval. It is not difficult to build an organized database system. The difficulty lies in the laborious, mundane task of collecting, categorizing and maintaining the massive amounts of data. Information is not valued unless it is legitimate. It must be valid and true to be worthy of use in decision-making. So, it is critical that all aspects of our system provide quality. To quote statistics based on erroneous data is considered foolish or criminal. The core of object-relational thinking is the ability to incorporate greater levels of abstraction into data models. This idea represents a major shift in the way that data modelling is done. Current relational databases are usually highly normalized but with little abstraction. Each thing of interest is instantiated as a relational table. As a result, systems frequently require numerous database tables and an equal number of screen modules and reports. The program modules are usually based directly on these tables with user workflow only instantiated through the way that the hundreds of screen modules interact. Based on the captioned analysis, we can change the approach to improve the work for setup of database in more effec tive way. There are a several database program applications for development and SQL database is very powerful tool. We can create the tables and query under SQL to setup the relationships of tables for generating the analysis reports. The database security issue is very important to protect the data and ensure that the database systems are secure from unauthorized access. Database security is normally assured by sing the data control mechanisms available under a particular DBMS. Data control comes in two parts: preventing unauthorized access to data, and preventing unauthorized access to the facilities of particular DBMS. Database security will be a task for the Database Administrator normally conducted in collaboration with the organizations security expert. The performance is a relativistic concept. A volume analysis estimates of the maximum and average number of instances per entity. A usage analysis a priorities list of the most important update and retrieval transactions expect ed to impact on the applications data model. For the integrity analysis inherent integrity constraints and most important domain with additional constraints can be specified in an associated data dictionary. The database systems have become so important to organizations that the activity is devoted to planning for, monitoring and administering the systems. We can focus on the planning and managerial activities relevant to database. It is defined the concept of data administration, the scope of the data administration function, relate the costs and benefits of having a data administration functions. It also defines the concept of a data dictionary and considers the issue of database security. The data control is primary function for the database administrator (DBA). The DBA needs to be able to do three main things: Prevent would-be users from logging-on to the database Allocate access to specific parts of the database to specific users

Reader Response to Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe :: Defoe Robinson Crusoe Essays

Personal response to Robinson Crusoe "...I observe that the expectation of evil is more bitter than the suffering..."(p.181). Only after several readings of different portions of Defoe's Robinson Crusoe and several attempts at drafting a different type of paper, did I finally decide upon using this particular quotation. For me the best kind of writing is the one that does itself, and this quote is the basis for that kind of writing. All I have to do is hold the pen. My first recollection of being "locked into" fear (aside from the boogey man, ghosts and witches) was the first time I had to be absent from school for several days. I believe I was ill with a sore throat and fever. At the age of five or six, an hour often feels like a day, and a day like a week, so to be out of school for four days seemed quite a LONG time. Anyway, I remember my mother finally telling me I could go back to school the next morning. While part of me was happy and excited at the thought of seeing my friends and my teacher, the other part of me was terrified. What if when I got to my classroom no one talked to me? (because I hadn't been there). What if my teacher was mad at me? (because I hadn't been there). What if they all made fun of me? (because I hadn't been there). What if I didn't know any answers? (because I hadn't been there). I would die: I just knew I would. Well, after several hours of this kind of thinking along with the escalating of fear and anxiety that accompanied it, I really didn't have to worry about school the next day; I was making myself too sick to go back! The next morning after refusing to eat breakfast (which my mother said I was too excited to eat), I got dressed in my favorite outfit (red corduroy pants, checkered shirt- -with solid red scarf, red socks and white sneakers), and sat on the couch-waiting for my older sister, Susan, to finish getting ready to take me to school. The old fear-thoughts started again, and this time I had neither the comforts of my bedcovers nor of a day's respite.

Using Listservs and Discussion Groups in the English Classroom Essay

Using Listservs and Discussion Groups in the English Classroom Virtually everyone is on the Internet these days from my 85-year-old grandfather to my five-year-old nephew. We are checking our emails from long lost friends and next-door neighbors. As adults we are paying our bills, filing our taxes, and scheduling our appointments. But the phenomena is not exclusive to adults; teens are on there more than ever communicating with one another, shopping, and finding out information about endless topics in just a click of a few buttons. We are so technologically centered that it makes sense to transfer this pastime to school, right? Online learning: the wave of the future? Many say yes as students from kindergarten to the graduate level continue to participate in communication via the Internet. They range from small projects to entire online courses and degree programs. In the college classroom, the Internet has taken on a sort of â€Å"replacement† role to the traditional classroom set up, while in the secondary classroom, teachers are finding ways to incorporate the Internet, namely listservs and discussion groups to supplement the time spent in the actual classroom. This insurgence of technology helps students to become familiar with the Internet and software programs, it gives the shy student a chance to shine where he/she may not normally have a chance, and it has allowed for more student-generated discussion. Many of us already use Internet Chat rooms to discuss certain issues with people of similar interests. These rely on what is called real-time interaction or synchronous which means that all users are online at the same time discussing topics back and forth. Discussion groups or listservs are similar to this, ... ...o, Regina F. and Alberto M. Bento. "Using the Web to extend and support classroom learning." College Student Journal 34.4 Dec. 2000: 603-8. Burnett, Tim. "Running Your Own Listserv." Classroom Connect 7.4 Dec. 2000/Jan. 2001: 11. Dutt-Doner, Karen M. and Susan M. Powers. "The use of electronic communication to develop alternative avenues for classroom discussion." Journal of Technology and Teacher Education 8.2 (2001): 153-72. MacDonald, Lucy and David C. Caverly. "Expanding the online discussion." Journal of Developmental Education 25.2 Winter 2001: 38-9. Robinson, Doug. "Listservs 101: What they are and how to make the best use of them." Feliciter 47.6 (2001): 292-3. Tiene, C. Drew. "Online discussions: a survey of advantages and disadvantages compared to face-to-face discussions." Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia 9.4 (2000): 371-84. Using Listservs and Discussion Groups in the English Classroom Essay Using Listservs and Discussion Groups in the English Classroom Virtually everyone is on the Internet these days from my 85-year-old grandfather to my five-year-old nephew. We are checking our emails from long lost friends and next-door neighbors. As adults we are paying our bills, filing our taxes, and scheduling our appointments. But the phenomena is not exclusive to adults; teens are on there more than ever communicating with one another, shopping, and finding out information about endless topics in just a click of a few buttons. We are so technologically centered that it makes sense to transfer this pastime to school, right? Online learning: the wave of the future? Many say yes as students from kindergarten to the graduate level continue to participate in communication via the Internet. They range from small projects to entire online courses and degree programs. In the college classroom, the Internet has taken on a sort of â€Å"replacement† role to the traditional classroom set up, while in the secondary classroom, teachers are finding ways to incorporate the Internet, namely listservs and discussion groups to supplement the time spent in the actual classroom. This insurgence of technology helps students to become familiar with the Internet and software programs, it gives the shy student a chance to shine where he/she may not normally have a chance, and it has allowed for more student-generated discussion. Many of us already use Internet Chat rooms to discuss certain issues with people of similar interests. These rely on what is called real-time interaction or synchronous which means that all users are online at the same time discussing topics back and forth. Discussion groups or listservs are similar to this, ... ...o, Regina F. and Alberto M. Bento. "Using the Web to extend and support classroom learning." College Student Journal 34.4 Dec. 2000: 603-8. Burnett, Tim. "Running Your Own Listserv." Classroom Connect 7.4 Dec. 2000/Jan. 2001: 11. Dutt-Doner, Karen M. and Susan M. Powers. "The use of electronic communication to develop alternative avenues for classroom discussion." Journal of Technology and Teacher Education 8.2 (2001): 153-72. MacDonald, Lucy and David C. Caverly. "Expanding the online discussion." Journal of Developmental Education 25.2 Winter 2001: 38-9. Robinson, Doug. "Listservs 101: What they are and how to make the best use of them." Feliciter 47.6 (2001): 292-3. Tiene, C. Drew. "Online discussions: a survey of advantages and disadvantages compared to face-to-face discussions." Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia 9.4 (2000): 371-84.

Free Essays - Tuesdays With Morrie :: Tuesdays With Morrie Essays

When my parents first told me that it would be a good idea for me to read Tuesdays With Morrie, my perception of the memoir was that it was an account of an old man dying.   This did not seem, to me, to be the most interesting topic to read about.   I reluctantly began the book and soon became quite involved with the novel’s insightful progression.   I initially thought I would construct a typical review of the novel and hand it in for a good grade.   I then asked myself if I would learn anything by writing a summary.   Two answers became evident.   The first was that, of course, I would learn how to write yet another book report.   The second was that I would not benefit at all from simply summarizing the memoir.   I came to the conclusion that by focusing my paper on that which Morrie so eloquently taught the reader, both me and my teacher would gain insight and understanding about living life to it’s fullest.   Morrie’s message was, in short, not to become preoccupied with death and dying, but to live the life that you still have left in a meaningful and rewarding way.   He believed that although death would soon take him, he wanted to teach others and share his ideas so that they could be passed on to future generations.     Mitch Albom is an alumnus of Brandeis University, where Morrie Schwartz taught for many years.   Morrie left a lasting impression on Mitch and that impression is what eventually motivated Mitch to return to his wise professor.   Mitch rediscovered Morrie in the last months of the older man’s life.   Knowing he was dying, Morrie visited with Mitch every Tuesday in his study, just as they had done in college days.   Morrie taught Mitch his final lesson: how to live.   Morrie and Mitch’s relationship went far beyond that of a teacher and student.   It turned into a friendship between two men.   Morrie taught Mitch innumerable lessons about the world, feeling sorry for oneself, regrets, death, family, emotions, fear of aging, money, how love goes on, marriage, culture, forgiveness, and saying good-bye.   Morrie never wanted sympathy from Mitch; only an open mind and heart.   Morrie discussed his philosophies on life with Mitch and encouraged him to do the same.   Morrie shared his strengths and his weaknesses with his student, allowing him to open up to his old professor in a way that would help him to recharge his existing life.

Froebels Idea Of The Importance Of Play Education Essay

Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel ( 1782-1852 ) is commonly best known as the conceiver of the Kindergarten system. He was a German educationist who was brought up with a strong Christian religion, which was polar to his educationist idea. His love for nature besides weighs heavy on his thoughts and religion. He gained acknowledgment from his first major work in 1826 The Education of Human Nature, but became celebrated subsequently in life when his kindergarten system gained recognition. His thoughts of kindergarten later took root in England, America and Australia and his work and thoughts subsequently influenced Karl Marx. Froebel believed in the integrity in all things saying that: â€Å" an ageless jurisprudence pervades and governs all things. The footing of this all-controlling jurisprudence is an all-pervading, living, self witting and therefore ageless integrity. This integrity is God. † He believed in the integrity of cognition and the interconnectedness of all things. Froebel was of the sentiment that there are defined phases of babyhood, childhood, boyhood and manhood. Stage two of childhood was what Froebel deemed the most of import because he felt that at this phase they begin to come to footings with the integrity of the existence and get down inquiring inquiries about life. His apprehension of childhood was such that each kid has a godly kernel and is linked to the existence: â€Å" it is, so, with childhood that existent instruction begins. At this clip the head demands more attention and attending than does the organic structure † Froebel believed in the kid as basically good. He said â€Å" the lone infallible redress for antagonizing any defects and even evil is to happen the originally good beginnings, the originally good side of the humanaˆÂ ¦ † his belief of the built-in goodness of a kid relates to his thoughts that the kid should be encouraged to assist and educate themselves in a certain regard. He thought that single human chances would come about through the work of the person. He believed that â€Å" the intent of instruction is to promote and steer adult male as a witting, believing and comprehending being in such a manner that divine interior jurisprudence through his ain personal pick ; instruction must demo him the ways and significances of achieving that end. † Froebels ‘ strong belief that kids are of course originative persons and through drama they become cognizant of their topographic point in the universe led to one of his cardinal component of his pedagogical system, which is that of drama. He felt that broadens their apprehension of the environment they live in. Froebel thought that â€Å" drama is the purest, most religious activity of adult male at this phase, † and that â€Å" play, so, is the highest look of human development in childhood, for it entirely is the free look of what is in the kid ‘s ‘ psyche. † Froebel placed this accent on drama in Kindergarten with the usage of gifts ( play stuffs ) and businesss ( activities ) . He believed that worlds are basically productive and originative and through prosecuting with the universe, understanding could blossom. He presented the kids with a series of geometrical gifts that were in a system of classs. A gift was given one at a clip and the kid was left to detect its belongingss and possibilities for design. Here, Froebels thought of integrity was put into pattern, as each plaything related to the following in some manner, which exemplifies the integrity of all objects and things in the universe. For illustration, the first â€Å" gift † is a ball. Froebel writes that we should be â€Å" concerned merely with the ball itself in its simplest signifier and in its simplest dealingss. It may be free, or attached to a twine, and in each instance it can be moved either freely and indeterminately or vertically, horizontally, or sidelong, with mention to given surfaces. Here, as it were, it acts as a usher into the universe of things, following their lineations by its motions, and so stand foring themaˆÂ ¦should be considered in relation to the kid himself. † In this manner, the kid is free to detect the elements of the ball and educate and learn for themselves merely by observation and interaction with the ball. Froebel thought that â€Å" Every external object comes to adult male with the invitation to find its nature and relationships † the succeeding gift after the ball would be the Globe. Its has obvious similarities to the ball, but for a kid, it represents a new degree of apprehension, for illustration its weight means that it moves in a different manner to the ball. The Earth did non ostracize or replace the ball ; it reinforced the old gift of the ball. The kid would come on through phases of gifts and at the same time each phase of understanding. However Froebel was certain that â€Å" m erely the equal development of adult male at each predating phase can consequence and convey approximately equal development at each wining subsequently phase. † He finally felt that: â€Å" a toy is any thing which is related to the kid as agencies to a intent, and which, by making pleasant expectancy, calls forth drama in which he finds fresh and uninterrupted pleasance. † The activities set for the kids in Kindergarten included games, vocals and narratives designed to help in centripetal and physical development and socialization. By playing, kids socialise and copy grownup societal and economic activities as they are bit by bit led into the larger universe of group life. This relates to Froebels ‘ thought of whole kid instruction, where the kid is being educated all unit of ammunition as an person of society. Froebel believed that the teacher-student relationship should be one of equality, non authorization and felt that there should be a strong influence of the parent and siblings on the kid ‘s educational acquisition and ripening. He believed that the kid should have a spiritual instruction every bit good. He states: â€Å" I would educate human existences who with their pess stand rooted in Gods Earth, in nature, whose custodies reach even into Eden and there lay eyes on the truth, in whose Black Marias are united both Earth and Eden, the varied life of Earth and natureaˆÂ ¦ † I have discussed Froebels thought of the importance of drama in kindergarten and in the development of the kid. I believe it is one of his most specific and most emphatic elements of his pedagogical system. However In stating that term from the inquiry, it raises a few jobs. Pedagogy normally refers to a learning system of a comprehensive program on how to educate, whereas Froebels â€Å" teaching method † would be non to hold one. He believed that the kid ‘s environment made up the course of study for the instruction and the kids would learn themselves in certain ways and understand the environment and discover things for themselves. He said that: â€Å" aˆÂ ¦each single scholar contributes to, and collaborates in, his or her ain acquisition. † Through this job it is apparent that Froebel had certain thoughts on childhood that began his theoretical thoughts on kindergarten, which subsequently developed more to the full into a kind of teaching method. In decision it is clear that Froebel was extremely interested in the cardinal figure of the kid and their single acquisition experience, similar to that of today ‘s kid centred instruction. Froebel finally believed â€Å" the indispensable concern of the school is non so much to learn and to pass on a assortment and multiplicity of things, as it is to give prominence to the ever-living integrity that is in all things † Froebels kindergarten system and his thought of the nature of kids are rather cohesive in such ways that he allows the kid to educate themselves in the scene of the kindergarten thought usage of his gifts and allows the kid a certain freedom to research the natural universe and in bend develop their apprehension of the existence. He wanted to develop persons who were all rounded in their instruction and who had certain moral stances and who were in a manner, free minds. In decision, his overall apprehension and purpose of kindergarten was that: â€Å" Edu cation in other words, should take adult male to a clear cognition of himself, to peace with nature, to integrity with God. †

School Uniforms Are a Necessity

Reading books is better than TV! Reading books is better than TV! Reading books is much better than watching TV! How many of you watch TV? No doubt all of you do each and every day. It is so easy to just sit down on a couch and press 1 little button and waste hours on watching TV shows and movies! Books are better for our Health our Electricity and Education. Good Morning / Good Afternoon Mrs Millward and 7AC today I am going to tell you about why books are better and I mean way better then TV. TV can affect our Health in a way which is sitting down too much on the couch and not doing physical activities outside.A great deal is known about children and television, because there have been thousands of studies on the subject. Researchers have studied how TV affects kids' sleep, weight, grades, behaviour, and more. When using a book reading is exercising your brain and learning words you didn’t know about but when TV comes in all you do is watch and that can easily affect your ey es and then it can affect you behaviour and your grades. When watching TV for hours and when your parents get a bill for the electricity half of the bill is caused by watching TV of course because that is the main problem.In my house we only turn on the TV if we are watching the cricket of watching the News or watching our sport team play and that is all my family use it for. But this isn’t always caused by kids it is caused from parents that work at least once a week and that happens when they have got nothing to do. Say if you are doing an assignment for school and you have been working for hours without getting anywhere. Majority of you would watch TV for a while, while watching you will still be worrying about the assignment and by the time you get back to it you will be stressed.And on top of that books are an excellent way to learn new vocabulary without you even knowing, that’s right, while reading books you involuntary learn new words and the spellings. Imagine you have got this huge test the next morning and then you’re watching TV and then you’re studding on the way to school and then you get a FAIL!!! On your test. How bad would that be? If it was me I would feel really embarrassed. So you have just heard some things that can affect your health and your parents bills and your own education that your parents are paying for but lso when our parents where alive they only got a TV when they were around 16 or 17 of age. And look us and then think of your parents back in the past. And they didn’t have computer games either. So 7AC and Mrs Millward I think I convinced you that books are much better then Television. And so when you get I want you not to go to the living room and turn on the TV I want you to Study on your Math exam and do your HOMEWORK!!! Don’t Touch the TV Do Your Homework Don’t Touch the TV Do Your Homework

The Failure of New York State Bill AO 3001

The current New York State administration has proposed a bill, AO 3001, that would give the governor control over scholarships to nursing schools.   On its face, this idea seems to have some merit.   The state faces an overwhelming nursing shortage.   By the year 2010, New York State will have 20% fewer nurses than demanded by the capacity of its health care facilities. This shortage places everyone connected with these facilities at risk, not only patients and their families, but the health care staff as well.   With insufficient nurses available to oversee and to provide adequate care, nurses are forced to work longer shifts or extra shifts during the course of each pay period.   In addition, some care facilities find themselves replacing full-time nursing staff with either part-time or temporary nursing staff, or supplementing the available nursing care provided with nurses’ aides trained to take on lower level nursing tasks. In addition to the lack of available nursing staff, many of those nurses already employed by New York State are nearing retirement age.   With so many of the currently employed nurses and nurse educators nearing the ends of their careers, it is becoming even more imperative to bring new nurses into the system before these men and women leave it.   However, New York State Bill AO 3001 is not the manner in which to bring new nurses into the nursing field. According to its summary, the purpose AO 3001 is to provide scholarship and grant funding to individuals who study to enter the nursing profession.   These funds would be provided based on certain criteria and preferences specified in the bill.   Two of these items are similar to that of other awards, in that they call for evidence of academic merit and for evidence of financial need.   However, among other things, preference is given to individuals who have already obtained experience working in a healthcare setting and the â€Å"highest degree of preference† will be given â€Å"to recipients applying for second or subsequent years of funding† (Title VI, Section 2, subdivision 4-6). While some degree of selectivity must be given when allotting scholarships and grants to students, it is the provision that the Commissioner of Education will select between candidates should the number of candidates exceed the number of awards that causes some concern.   How will these awards be made and to what criteria?   Can we be certain that the criteria being used will be to the best interest of the nursing profession? In addition, the Commissioner can also decide where to assign the nurses who accept this funding.   According to Title VI, Section 2, subdivision 7, these nurses must work in a nursing capacity for 18 months or as nurse educators for three semesters at a minimum if they receive these funds, which is a reasonable requirement; however, the nurses must also agree to work in a facility that serves Medicaid beneficiaries or social services client, as well.   It is reasonable to expect nurses, or any scholarship recipient, to perform certain reasonable tasks to fulfill the requirements of a scholarship or grant.   Some teachers, for example, are forgiven their educational debts if they work in certain areas of the country. However, these teachers choose what areas of the country in which they will teach and with which population of students that they will fulfill the requirements of the agreement.   To limit new nurses to working for facilities in which they may not have access to the equipment and to the funds that will enable them to best use and improve upon the skills that they have attained in their education, particularly when this knowledge is fresh in their minds, will simply hurt their futures in the profession. Bringing new nurses into the profession is indeed a major problem facing New York State, as well as other areas of the country.   The true difficulty, however, lies with retention once these students have graduated.   Nurses face schedules that leave them sleep deprived and at risk for injuries.   Nurses are often asked to perform their jobs with substandard equipment or with insufficient funding. In many facilities, nurses still do not receive the respect that their positions as highly trained and educated members of the health care profession demand.   In addition to all of these things, nurses typically receive inadequate pay for the work that they do, even as they attempt to pay back expensive educational loans.   A far better solution to the nursing shortage would seem to be a two-pronged attack.   First, nurses should be paid at the value of their work to ensure that nurses do not leave the field in search of higher paid work.   Second, instead of restrictive scholarships and grants that send nurses to locations decided upon by the Commissioner, a solution similar to that provided for teachers should be offered.   Both solutions would leave the decision of who should be a nurse and where these nurses should practice in the hands of those best qualified to decide: nurses and other members of the health care profession. Reference New York State Assembly.   (2007).   New York State Bill AO 3001.   Retrieved 12 August 2007 from http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=A03001